Influences of Leaderboard Direction on Learning Performance and Satisfaction in Gamified E-Learning

The fast-growing use of gamification in e-learning underscores its potential to enhance individuals' learning performance and experience. However, the mechanisms through which key gamification element influences people's learning remain unclear. This study addresses this gap by investigating how distinct leaderboard directions influence individual learning performance and satisfaction. We conduct a randomized experiment to examine these effects and explore the underlying mechanisms. Our results show that upward leaderboard improves learning performance and satisfaction by fostering learning effort and active exploration. In contrast, downward leaderboard enhances learning performance and satisfaction through self-efficacy and self-expansion. Interestingly, the effect of lateral leaderboards on learning satisfaction appears not associated with the development of personal meaning. This study contributes to current research and practice by providing important insights for effective gamified e-learning design, implementation, and use.